Acute leukemia and lymphoma in pregnancy, a retrospective study from a tertiary center in Malaysia.

INTRODUCTION: Most evidence about the management of cancer and hematological malignancy in pregnancy are derived from retrospective observational studies with a small sample size. Availability of sufficiently large data has enabled evidence-based decision-making in this clinical dilemma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study looking into patients diagnosed with acute leukemia or lymphoma in pregnancy from 1st January 2014 to 1st January 2020 in Ampang General Hospital including newly or previously diagnosed and relapsed disease RESULTS: 37 cases of acute leukemia or lymphoma in pregnancy occurred in 34 patients. Majority of acute leukemia or lymphoma in pregnancy diagnosed in 1st trimester or in the setting of previously established or relapsed disease was therapeutically terminated. Thirteen pregnancies treated with antenatal chemotherapy resulted in livebirths except one stillbirth. More adverse obstetric outcomes are observed in pregnancies that did not receive antenatal chemotherapy, but association did not reach statistical significance. There was no significant difference in fetal outcome between cohort with and without antenatal chemotherapy. No treatment related mortality was observed in pregnancies with antenatal chemotherapy. Overall survival for newly diagnosed acute leukemia in pregnancy is significantly better with antenatal chemotherapy versus no antenatal chemotherapy. CONCLUSION: Treatment with chemotherapy in 2nd trimester of pregnancy onwards appears to have tolerable risks with favorable obstetric and fetal outcome. Deferment of treatment for acute leukemia in pregnancy to after delivery may cause increased risk of maternal and fetal adverse outcome.

A case report of transverse myelitis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus.

Acute or subacute transverse myelitis is a rare disease caused by inflammation of the spinal cord. The extensive differential diagnosis of this disease require physician to timely decide the necessary investigations and plan for effective treatment. We report a case of anomalous multifactorial transverse myelitis in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who responded well with multimodal therapy. The patient was given immunosuppressive agent and plasma exchange for the demyelinating disease as well as antibiotics for neurosyphilis, antiviral for cytomegalovirus (CMV) neurologic disease, and highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Three months after his first presentation, patient showed full neurology recovery and suppressed HIV viral load.

Combined nicotine patch with gum versus nicotine patch alone in smoking cessation in Hong Kong primary care clinics: a randomised controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of daily cigarette smoking has dropped to 10% in Hong Kong (HK) in 2017, however, smoking still kills 5700 persons per year. Studies suggest that abstinence rates are higher with combined NRT than single NRT, although local data on safety and benefits of combined NRT are lacking. The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of combined NRT with single NRT among HK Chinese. METHODS: This is a one-year, two-arm, parallel randomised trial. Five hundred sixty smokers, who smoked ≥10 cigarettes/day for ≥1 year, were randomized to combined and single NRT. Combined NRT group received counseling and nicotine patch & gum. Single NRT group received counselling and nicotine patch. Primary outcome was abstinence rate measured as self-reported 7-day point prevalence with CO validated at 52 weeks. Secondary outcomes included smoking abstinence rates at 4, 12, & 26 weeks. Crude odds ratio and p-value were reported from logistic regression without adjustment; for trend analysis, adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and p-value were reported from Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) (controlling for time). All AORs were adjusted for age, sex, baseline CO and clusters. RESULTS: Abstinence rates at 4, 12, 26 and 52 weeks were all higher in the combined NRT group (35.8, 21.9, 16.8, 20.1%) compared with the single NRT group (28, 16.8, 11.2, 14.3%). At 4 weeks, combined NRT group was more likely to quit smoking (OR 1.43, 95% CI, 1.00 to 2.05) than the single NRT group. From GEE analysis, combined NRT group had a significantly higher abstinence rate (23.6%) than the single NRT group (17.6%) across repeated measures at all-time points. Combined NRT group was more likely to quit smoking (OR 1.43, 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.77). No significant difference in the side effect profile was detected between groups. CONCLUSIONS: Smokers given 8 weeks of combined NRT were more likely to quit smoking at 4, 12, 26 and 52 weeks compared with single NRT. Combined NRT was as well tolerated as single NRT and it should be further promoted in our community. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT03836560 from ClinicalTrial.gov , 9 Feb 2019.

The Bonebridge semi-implantable bone conduction hearing device: experience in an Asian patient.

For over three decades, bone conduction hearing aids have been changing the lives of patients with impaired hearing. The size, appearance and fitting discomfort of early generations of bone conduction hearing aids made them unpopular. The advent of bone-anchored hearing aids in the 1970s offered patients improved sound quality and fitting comfort, due to the application of osseointegration. However, the issue of post-operative peri-abutment pin tract wound infection persisted. The Bonebridge system incorporates the first active bone conduction device, and aims to resolve peri-abutment issues. Implantation of this system in an Asian patient is presented.

The impact of a multifaceted ergonomic intervention program on promoting occupational health in community nurses.

INTRODUCTION: Community nurses are exposed to high physical demands at work resulting in musculoskeletal disorders. The present study examined the short- and long-term benefits of a multifaceted intervention program designed especially for community nurses in Hong Kong. METHODS: Fifty community nurses working in 4 local hospitals participated in the study. All of them underwent an 8-week intervention program consisting of ergonomic training, daily exercise program, equipment modification, computer workstation assessment and typing training. RESULTS: All participants showed significant improvement in musculoskeletal symptoms and functional outcomes comparing pre- and post-intervention results. Significant reduction in symptom score was observed at 1-year follow-up compared to post-intervention. Symptomatic group (n=40) showed more significant changes overall compared to asymptomatic group (n=10). CONCLUSION: Results support the positive benefits, both short- and long-term, of the multifaceted ergonomic intervention programme for community nurses.

Vibrant Soundbridge system: application of the stapes coupling technique.

INTRODUCTION: The use of the stapes coupling technique, employed in the Vibrant Soundbridge system, is technically less demanding than the vibroplasty technique, and is more likely to generate a positive outcome without significantly changing residual hearing or resulting in medical or surgical complication. METHOD: We report a patient with repeated left ossiculoplasty failure, who was successfully implanted with a Vibrant Soundbridge. CONCLUSION: We believe that the stapes coupling technique can provide natural stimulation to the inner ear, resulting in a better perceived sound quality.

Hyaluronic acid instillation following arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction: a double-blinded, randomised controlled study.

PURPOSE: To assess the effect of hyaluronic acid instillation after arthroscopic anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction for improving pain, range of movement, and function of the knee. METHODS: 28 men and 4 women underwent arthroscopic ACL reconstruction for isolated ACL rupture (partial or complete) and instability after recreational sports injury 2 to 120 months earlier. They were randomised to undergo arthroscopic ACL reconstruction followed by intra-articular viscoseal instillation (13 men and 3 women) or arthroscopic ACL reconstruction alone (15 men and 1 woman). The knee injury osteoarthritis outcome score (for pain, symptoms, activities of daily living, sport and recreation function, and quality of life), range of movement, knee circumference, and analgesic use were assessed on days -1, 1, and 2, and weeks 2, 6 and 12. RESULTS: Patient demographics were similar at baseline. At postoperative days 1 and 2, all subscales of the knee injury osteoarthritis outcome score (except for quality of life) were significantly higher in the viscoseal group. At weeks 2, 6, and 12, improvement in both groups equalised. Knee swelling (change in knee circumference) was significantly less in the viscoseal group at days 1 and 2 (p=0.009 and p=0.038, respectively, Mann-Whitney U test). Only one patient in the viscoseal group had a limited range of movement. No patient developed any adverse reaction. CONCLUSION: Intra-articular viscoseal instillation improved pain control and swelling 2 days after arthroscopic ACL reconstruction.

Ministry of health clinical practice guidelines: screening of cardiovascular disease and risk factors.

The Ministry of Health (MOH) publishes clinical practice guidelines on Screening of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors to provide doctors and patients in Singapore with evidence-based guidance on the screening of cardiovascular disease and risk factors. This article reproduces the introduction and executive summary (with recommendations from the guidelines) from the MOH clinical practice guidelines on Screening of Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Factors, for the information of readers of the Singapore Medical Journal. Page numbers mentioned in the reproduced extract refer to the full text of the guidelines, which are available from the Ministry of Health website (http://www.moh.gov.sg/mohcorp/publications.aspx?id=25776). The recommendations should be used with reference to the full text of the guidelines. Following this article are multiple choice questions based on the full text of the guidelines.

Psychometric properties of the Chinese (Cantonese) Tinnitus Handicap Inventory.

OBJECTIVES: To establish the reliability and validity of the Chinese (Cantonese) version of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory to measure the self-perceived handicapping effect and severity of the condition in patients with chronic tinnitus. DESIGN: Cross-sectional psychometric validation study. SETTING: Audiology clinics in a hospital setting. PARTICIPANTS: Subjects were 114 adult Chinese who attended the audiology clinics with a complaint of tinnitus. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Test-retest and internal consistency reliability; construct validity. RESULTS: The Chinese version of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and its subscales showed good internal consistency reliabilities (alpha = 0.72-0.94) that are comparable to those of the original version. High correlations were observed between the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory and psychological distress, tinnitus-related problem ratings and severity ratings. Factor analysis showed that the Chinese version of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory has a unifactorial structure. A high degree of test-retest reliability was observed (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that the Chinese (Cantonese) version of the Tinnitus Handicap Inventory is a reliable and valid measure of general tinnitus-related distress that can be used in clinical settings to quantify the impact of tinnitus on daily life.

White matter fractional anisotrophy differences and correlates of diagnostic symptoms in autism.

BACKGROUND: Individuals with autism have impairments in 3 domains: communication, social interaction and repetitive behaviours. Our previous work suggested early structural and connectivity abnormalities in prefrontal-striato-temporal-cerebellar networks but it is not clear how these are linked to diagnostic indices. METHOD: Children with autism (IQ > 70) aged 6 to 14 years old and matched typically developing controls were studied using diffusion tensor imaging. Voxel-based methods were used to compare fractional anisotrophy (FA) measures in each group and to correlate FA measures in the autism group with the diagnostic phenotype described by the Autism Diagnostic Interview - Revised (ADI-R) algorithm for ICD-10. RESULTS: After controlling for the effects of age and white matter volume, we found that FA in the autism group was significantly lower than controls in bilateral prefrontal and temporal regions, especially in the right ventral temporal lobe adjacent to the fusiform gyrus. FA was greater in autism in the right inferior frontal gyrus and left occipital lobe. We observed a tight correlation between lower FA and higher ADI-R diagnostic algorithm scores across white matter tracts extending from these focal regions of group difference. Communication and social reciprocity impairments correlated with lower FA throughout fronto-striato-temporal pathways. Repetitive behaviours correlated with white matter indices in more posterior brain pathways, including splenium of the corpus callosum and cerebellum. CONCLUSIONS: Our data support the position that diagnostic symptoms of autism are associated with a core disruption of white matter development.

Use of physical restraints in rehabilitation settings: staff knowledge, attitudes and predictors.

AIM: This paper reports a study examining the knowledge, attitudes and practices of staff with regard to the use of restraints in rehabilitative settings, and quantifying the direct and indirect effects of the factors that influenced these practices. BACKGROUND: Nursing staff hold many misconceptions that support the continued use of physical restraints as a desirable technique in clinical settings to control clients. A number of previous studies measuring the knowledge, attitudes and/or practices of nursing staff towards the use of restraints have been conducted in acute, elder care, or psychiatric settings. However, not many have examined the predictors of staff practices when restraints are applied. In the study reported here, physical restraint was defined as any manual method or physical/mechanical device, material or equipment attached to a client's body so that their free movement was restricted. METHODS: A questionnaire was administered to 168 nursing staff in two rehabilitation centres in Hong Kong. The data were collected in 2002-2003 and the response rate was 80%. FINDINGS: Inadequate knowledge and negative attitudes on the use of restraints were found among staff. Most believed that good alternatives to restraints are not available, or they underestimated the physical and psychological impact of restraints on clients. Path analysis indicated that staff attitudes and their clinical experiences had positive direct effects on restraint use. In addition, level of knowledge and clinical experience had a positive indirect effect on practice by influencing attitudes. CONCLUSION: These data could serve as a basis for re-educating nursing staff on the subject. Staff with more clinical experience could give appropriate guidance to other members of staff on decisions to apply restraints. More effective alternative interventions to restraining clients should be explored. Once the gaps in knowledge are closed, more positive attitudes among staff towards the use of restraints can be cultivated, thus leading to a higher standard of nursing practice.

The cytotoxic and genotoxic potential of 5-aminolevulinic acid on lymphocytes: a comet assay study.

BACKGROUND: 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and its hexylester (ALA-H) are the drugs currently used in photodynamic therapy (PDT). The side effect, especially the long-term side effect of these drugs is a problem of concern in this field, which has not been clearly understood yet. PURPOSE: The normal lymphocytes and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) cells were used as the cell models to evaluate the side effects of ALA or ALA-H in the absence of light or under sub-lethal doses of light. METHODS: The cytotoxic and DNA-damaging effects of ALA or ALA-H on lymphocytes and NPC cells were studied by means of the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay and the alkaline comet assay. ALA at 0.75 mM concentration and ALA-H at 10-microM concentrations were selected in the studies. This is because under these concentrations, ALA- or ALA-H-mediated PDT can destroy most NPC cells in vitro. The intracellular distributions of the protoporphyrin IX (PpIX), induced by the ALA or ALA-H, were measured by the confocal laser scanning microscope to provide more information for understanding the DNA damage. RESULTS: The incubation of 0.75 mM ALA or 10 microM ALA-H alone (without light) did not cause DNA damage as well as the considerable cytotoxic effect on NPC cells. However, after ALA (0.75 mM) incubation and without light irradiation, the serious cytotoxicity and remarkable DNA damage were found in lymphocytes. When the lymphocytes were incubated with ALA-H (10 microM) alone (in the absence of light), no DNA damage could be detected and a slight cytotoxic effect was found. Both ALA and ALA-H induced PpIX in the lymphocytes. The fluorescence images of PpIX intracellular localization demonstrated that the PpIX diffused into the nuclear region in ALA-(0.75 mM)-incubated lymphocytes but not existed in the nucleus of ALA-H(10 microM)- incubated lymphocytes, providing an explanation for the facts that ALA (0.75 mM) induced the DNA damage while ALA-H (10 microM) did not. CONCLUSION: These results suggested that the genotoxic potential of lymphocytes seems high for ALA (0.75 mM) and could be excluded for ALA-H (10 microM).

Behavioural, emotional and family functioning of hospitalized children in China and Hong Kong.

PURPOSE: This study examined behavioural and emotional problems, social competence and family functioning of hospitalized Chinese children in Hong Kong and the Chinese Mainland. METHOD: A sample of 210 hospitalized children (ages 2-11 years) and their families participated in the study. The families were from a cross-section of geographical areas in Hong Kong (two hospitals) and the Chinese Mainland (five hospitals). Parents completed an age-appropriate Chinese version of the Child Behaviour Checklist and the Family Assessment Device. Multiple regression models were used to examine predictors of children's behaviour problems. RESULTS: Behavioural patterns appeared to be specific to the developmental stage. Children had greater problems when their families demonstrated poorer affective involvement. Hospitalized children on the Chinese Mainland experienced more internalizing and externalizing behaviour problems than those in Hong Kong. Sick children, according to their parents, however, demonstrate some resiliency based on social and academic competency factors. CONCLUSIONS: Hospitalized Chinese children manifest behavioural, emotional and family problems that vary by region, the child's development and gender. Problems predominantly of an internalizing nature characterized this group. The findings support the need for culturally appropriate behavioural assessments and interventions with hospitalized children.

The psychometric properties of Chinese pain intensity verbal rating scale.

BACKGROUND: This study investigates the validity and reliability of the Chinese pain intensity verbal rating scale (C-PIVRS). METHODS: This is a correlational comparative study. Fifty Chinese adults were recruited by convenience. A pain source generator (precision pain source, PPS-3) was used to produce four levels of mechanical pain stimuli (350, 550, 750 and 950 g). The pain stimuli were applied to subjects' interphalangeal joints in random sequences to stimulate sensation of pain. The subjects then rated their pain intensity using both the C-PIVRS and the visual analog scale (VAS) for each stimulus. The pain scores obtained from the C-PIVRS were compared with the VAS for satisfactory level of reliability and validity. Test and re-test were applied to verify consistency between the two pain scales. RESULTS: The test/re-test correlation coefficients between the two pain scales were r = 0.92 (P < 0.001) and r = 0.91 (P < 0.001), respectively. This showed a good positive correlation. The intra-class correlation (ICC) ranged from 0.78 to 0.90, which indicated good reliability. In the factor analysis, a single factor emerged in each analysis. The first eigen values of each matrix were 3.42, 3.24, 3.17 and 3.29 for each level of pain stimulation. This indicated that both pain scales were assessing the same pain dimension. CONCLUSIONS: The two pain scales have a comparable level of reliability and validity for assessing pain intensity in Chinese adults.

The long-term effects of auricular therapy using magnetic pearls on elderly with insomnia.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the long-term effect of auricular therapy using magnetic pearls administered for the elderly suffering from insomnia. DESIGN: A follow-up study after a randomized controlled trial. SETTINGS: Four hostels for the elderly in Hong Kong. INTERVENTIONS: This paper focuses on reporting the long-term effect of auricular therapy using magnetic pearls in the experimental group of a randomized controlled study. Fifteen volunteer participants were followed up at 1-, 3-, and 6-month intervals after a 3-week treatment course. OUTCOME MEASURES: Objective sleep parameters using actigraphic monitoring were collected at different intervals of time after the therapy. RESULTS: Results of RANOVA demonstrate that there was a significant difference of nocturnal sleep time (F(2.30,29.90)=3.63, P<0.05) and marginally differences of sleep efficiency (F(4,52)=2.52, P=0.05) at baseline, immediately after the therapy, and at the three time intervals at 1, 3 and 6 months. The results illustrate that the mean nocturnal sleep time (F=4.95, P=0.30, R(2)=0.91) and the mean sleep efficiency (F=13.50, P=0.19, R(2)=0.96) also remained constant over the 6-month follow up period. The results of least square polynomial regression analysis also illustrate that the mean NST (F=4.95, P=0.30, R(2)=0.91) and the mean sleep efficiency (F=13.50, P=0.19, R(2)=0.96) remained constant over the 6-month follow up period. CONCLUSION: The results of this follow up study indicate that auricular therapy using magnetic pearls could have a long-term effect, at least within the observed period of time, on improving the quality as well as the quantity of sleep among the elderly.

Prevalence and related risk factors of areca quid chewing among junior high students in eastern Taiwan.

Areca quid chewing is a serious problem in eastern Taiwan. The prevalence and related risk factors of areca quid chewing among junior high students were studied. Group 1 consisted of 896 non-aboriginal students and group 2 of 565 aboriginal students. The students were asked to fill out a questionnaire anonymously. Among the non-aboriginal students, 2.2% were found as current areca quid chewers, 16.4% had tried but not become regular users, and 2.2% had used it regularly and quit, whereas 9.7% of aboriginal students were current chewers, and 32.7% had tried it but had not become regular users, and 7.4% had used it regularly and quit. The prevalence of areca chewing is significantly different between boys and girls in the non-aboriginal group. A logistic regression analysis indicated that a non-aboriginal student who is a male, grows areca at home, is a tobacco smoker, an alcohol drinker, and has family members and close friends as chewers is more likely to chew areca quid than others. Aboriginal students who are chewers are likely to grow areca at home, are tobacco smokers and alcohol drinkers, and have family members and close friends as chewers. Based on the findings of the study, the need for a health promotion program was identified. Areca quid is not only detrimental to people's health, but also to the environment in which people live.

Wear debris from total hip arthroplasty presenting as an intrapelvic mass.

A granulomatous reaction to the small particles worn off from an implanted prosthesis is a common complication in arthroplasty. The chronic inflammatory response to the wear debris from either the polyethylene or the metal components is thought to be responsible for osteolysis, implant loosening, and finally mechanical failure. Formation of an extra-articular granulomatous tissue mass is uncommon, however. We report a case of a huge granulomatous mass that presented as an intrapelvic tumor. The prosthesis was an Anatomical Medullary Locking (AML) hip arthroplasty with cementless fixation. The polyethylene insert was manufactured by ram extrusion and sterilized with gamma irradiation in air. Fragments of the insert were among the contents in the cystic mass together with black metallic debris. There was no loosening of the prosthesis, and the acetabulum floor was preserved.

Lay knowledge of physical education teachers about the emergency management of dental trauma in Hong Kong.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the knowledge of a group of physical education (PE) teachers about the emergency management of dental trauma in Hong Kong. A postal questionnaire was sent to PE teachers in 100 randomly selected secondary schools in Hong Kong. A total of 166 teachers from 65 schools responded. Results show that a majority of the respondents have received formal teaching training (98.8%). While all but one teacher had received formal first aid training, only eight of them recalled that they had received advice on the management of dental trauma. Concerning the management of tooth fracture, 118 respondents (71.1%) gave an appropriate answer. In contrast, only 29 teachers (17.5%) were able to indicate the appropriate management for an avulsed tooth. Over 60% (102) of the respondents indicated it was "very urgent" to seek professional assistance if a permanent tooth has been avulsed, but they had little knowledge of the correct procedures for replanting or transporting avulsed teeth. Only 15 respondents (9%) pointed out that milk was the medium of choice for transporting avulsed teeth. Finally, over 90% (157) of respondents indicated that they had never received advice on the emergency procedures for the management of dental avulsion. The present study showed that the level of lay knowledge of management of dental injuries in a selection of PE teachers in Hong Kong is inadequate and educational campaigns are necessary to improve their emergency management of dental injuries.

A preliminary report on the Chinese Cancer Pain Assessment Tool (CCPAT): reliability and validity.

BACKGROUND: This study was to establish the validity and reliability of the Chinese Cancer Pain Assessment Tool (CCPAT) for Chinese patients with cancer pain in Hong Kong. METHODS: It was a quasi-experimental study. The CCPAT was tested for its reliability and validity by 26 cancer pain patients and 26 chronic non-cancer pain patients. McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), with its established reliability and validity, was used as the criterion tool for comparison. RESULTS: An internal consistency of 0.88 and the inter-rater reliability of 0.96 were obtained for the CCPAT. The Spearman's Rho correlations between the functional and emotional dimensions of the CCPAT and the present pain intensity of the MPQ positively correlated. This indicated a satisfactory concurrent validity. Discriminant validity was performed with MANOVA. The CCPAT was able to predict 80.8% of the subjects correctly as cancer pain patient from the cancer pain group. CONCLUSIONS: The constructed CCPAT is a valid and reliable cancer pain assessment tool in a Chinese context. The developed CCPAT is the first of its kind for the Chinese community in Hong Kong. It is anticipated that the results can provide the health care professionals with the best possible instrument and indicator. The CCPAT also lays the theoretical construct for the professionals with a better understanding of the experience of cancer pain from a multidimensional perspective.